Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter blood. It often develops silently over years, but early diagnosis and the right care can slow its progression. Dr. Satarupa Deb provides comprehensive CKD care at Bombay Hospital, South Mumbai.
What Is Chronic Kidney Disease?
CKD means that kidney damage or reduced kidney function has been present for more than three months. Doctors measure kidney function using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated from a blood creatinine test, and check the urine for protein (albumin).
CKD is divided into five stages based on eGFR, from stage 1 (kidney damage with normal filtration) to stage 5 (kidney failure). The amount of albumin in the urine also helps predict how quickly the disease may progress.
Causes and Risk Factors
In India, diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of CKD. Other causes and risk factors include:
- Glomerular diseases such as glomerulonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease and other inherited conditions
- Repeated kidney infections, kidney stones or urinary blockage
- Long-term use of certain painkillers or unregulated herbal remedies
- A family history of kidney disease, obesity, smoking and older age
- A previous episode of acute kidney injury
Symptoms of CKD
Early CKD usually causes no symptoms, which is why routine testing is important for people at risk. As the disease advances, symptoms may include:
- Swelling of the feet, ankles or around the eyes
- Tiredness, weakness and reduced appetite
- Frothy urine or changes in how often you pass urine, especially at night
- Itching, muscle cramps and difficulty sleeping
- Breathlessness, nausea or poorly controlled blood pressure
Diagnosis and Monitoring
CKD is diagnosed with simple tests. Your nephrologist will also look for the cause and for complications such as anaemia, bone mineral changes and high potassium.
- Serum creatinine with eGFR calculation
- Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and routine urine examination
- Kidney ultrasound to assess size and structure
- Blood tests for haemoglobin, electrolytes, calcium, phosphate and vitamin D
- Kidney biopsy in selected cases
Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
The goals of treatment are to slow kidney damage, control complications and reduce heart disease risk, which is higher in people with CKD. Treatment is personalised and may include good control of blood pressure and blood sugar, medicines that reduce protein leakage and protect the kidneys, and management of cholesterol.
Diet advice on salt, protein and potassium, stopping smoking, staying active and avoiding kidney-harmful medicines are important. Anaemia and bone health are treated when needed. For advanced CKD, your nephrologist will discuss options early, including dialysis, kidney transplantation or conservative care, so you can plan ahead.
When to See a Nephrologist
You should see a nephrologist if your eGFR is reduced, if protein or blood is found in your urine, if your kidney function is falling, or if you have hard-to-control blood pressure with kidney changes. Regular specialist follow-up helps you stay on track and prepare for future needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can chronic kidney disease be cured?
CKD usually cannot be reversed, but its progression can often be slowed considerably with good blood pressure and sugar control, kidney-protective medicines and healthy habits. Some causes, if treated early, may improve.
Does everyone with CKD need dialysis?
No. Many people with CKD never reach kidney failure, especially when the disease is detected early and managed well. Dialysis or transplant is considered only when kidney function becomes very low.
What diet should I follow with CKD?
Diet depends on your stage and blood tests. Most people benefit from limiting salt and processed foods. Some may need to adjust protein, potassium or phosphorus. Your doctor or a renal dietitian can guide you.
Who should be tested for CKD?
People with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a family history of kidney disease or age above 60 should have regular blood creatinine and urine albumin tests.
Consult Dr. Satarupa Deb
If you have been told your kidney function is reduced, book a consultation with Dr. Satarupa Deb at Bombay Hospital, South Mumbai, for a clear plan to protect your kidneys.
This page is for general information only and is not a substitute for a medical consultation. Please consult a qualified doctor for diagnosis and treatment.